what are the disorders that affect the excretory system? and what causes them?
Posted by LAlawMedMBA
(1) Nephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli, due to a number of possible causes, including things like strep throat. Symptoms include bloody urine, scant urine output, and edema (swelling/puffliness). Another, more severe form, is due to an autoimmune attack on the glomeruli. Other types of nephritis affect the tubules.
(2) Nephrosis also affects the glomeruli, and is characterized by excretion of abnormally large amounts of protein (often causing "foamy" urine) and generalized edema (water retension/swelling) throughout the whole body, especially noted as "puffy" eyelids. Because these people's kidneys often do not handle sodium properly, a low-salt diet is usually prescribed.
(3) Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are usually caused by Gram negative bacteria such as E. coli. If there is an obstruction of the urethra, catheterization may be needed, but catheterization can introduce pathogens and make the infection worse. Women tend to acquire more urethral and bladder infections than men, perhaps because the opening of the urethra is closer to the anus. The way a woman cleans the area after relieving herself can influence her chances of contracting a UTI and/or vaginal infection.
(4) Urolithiasis (kidney stones). There are a variety of types of kidney stones, depending on what conditions caused their formation. About 80% are calcium oxalate (and/or other calcium-based stones), 5% are uric acid, 2% are cystine, and the other 13% are due to magnesium ammonium phosphate or other causes. Stones may be microscopic to large "staghorn" stones that fill the whole renal pelvis. Often, as the stone is passed down the ureter, the person experiences much pain, and the affected kidney may even temporarily become nonfunctional. Stones may be broken up by ultrasound so they can be passed more easily, but large stones may have to be surgically removed. Calcium stones might be caused by anything from a parathyroid gland problem to too much vitamin D to some forms of cancer to a genetic predisposition.
(5) Gout is a disease associated with the production and deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. It is a very painful condition that produces symptoms similar to arthritis. The cause is usually abnormal catabolism of uric acid by a dysfunctional liver.
(6) Uremia. During uremia urea and other wastes are not filtered out of the blood. The body cells become poisoned and there is urine in the blood. The cause is usually dysfunctional kidneys, sometimes requiring dialysis.
(7) Cirrhosis of the Liver. Caused by damage to liver cells, often due to alcoholism. This leads to a type of high blood pressure. which can cause serious complications.
(8) Enuresis is the unintentional voiding of urine, mostly at night, and is commonly referred to as bedwetting. Enuresis may result from a delay in development or from loss of bladder control. This may be affected by psychological or physical factors.
(9) Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra that results most of the time from a bacterial infection, often from gonorrhea. Males, especially infant males, suffer from urethritis more than females. It is an infection of the urethra, the pathway for urine and semen. Symptoms are pain, a burning sensation during urination or erection, and a discharge from the urethral opening on the tip of the penis.
(10) Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder and most often occurs because of an infection when bacteria enters the bladder through the urethra. Women are known to have this condition more than men because the female urethra is shorter and closer to the anus than the male's and is a source of bacteria. Symptoms of cystitis are persistent frequency of urination and also suprapublic pain.
(11) Pyelonephritis is generally called "pelvis nephritis" and refers to inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissues of the kidney. As with cystitis, pyelonephritis is usually caused by bacterial infection but can also result from viral infection, mycosis, calculi, tumors, pregnancy, and other conditions. Acute pyelonephritis develops rapidly and is characterized by chills, fever, pain in the sides (flank), nausea, and an urge to urinate frequently. This often is the result of the spread of infection from the lower urinary tract or through the blood from other organs. Chronic pyelonephritis is thought to be caused by an autoimmune disease but is often preceded by a bacterial infection or urinary blockage.
(12) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in men that affects the prostate gland, which is part of the male reproductive system. The prostate is located at the bottom of the bladder and surrounds the urethra. BPH is an enlargement of the prostate gland that can interfere with urinary function in older men. It causes blockage by squeezing the urethra, which can make it difficult to urinate. Men with BPH frequently have other bladder symptoms including an increase in frequency of bladder emptying both during the day and at night. Most men over age 60 have some BPH, but not all have problems with blockage. There are many different treatment options for BPH.
(13) Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland that results in urinary frequency and urgency, burning or painful urination, a condition called dysuria, and pain in the lower back and genital area, among other symptoms. In some cases, prostatitis is caused by bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics. But the more common forms of prostatitis are not associated with any known infecting organism. Antibiotics are often ineffective in treating the nonbacterial forms of prostatitis.
(14) Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal amounts of protein in the urine. Healthy kidneys take wastes out of the blood but leave in protein. Protein in the urine does not cause a problem by itself, but it may be a sign that your kidneys are not working properly.
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