need help!!! biology regents tomorrow!!.. malfunctions of the body...??hey, can u name malfunctions of every body system
this is a good review if ur taking the regents tomorrow as well...
here are the body systems:, and some malfunctions i no
digestive
respiratory (asthma and wats the one where there is less
alveoli?)
excretory (is diarhea one?, constipation)
circulatory (idk, hemophilia?)
endocrine (deformed receptors)
nervous (severed conncection between neurons)
and btw, please define autoimmune disease and how HIV works, and arthritis
tytyty so much and best answer - 10 pts
Posted by purplegirl
digestive: GERD (acid reflux), Ulcer, hernia, gastroenteritis, gall stones. respiratory: emphasema, COPD. Excretory: Renal failure (diarhea and constipation are ailments of digestion, anything from your mouth to your anus within the digestive system is part of digestion), kidney stones. Circulatory: I don't have another one besides hemophilia. Endocrine: hyper/hypothyroidism. Nervous: MS. Autoimmune=when the body's immune system attacks your body as if it were a foreign invader. HIV attacks helper-T cells, which trigger a response from other white blood cells. Without helper-T cells, other white blood cells don't know to attack.
Posted by Roger S
Digestive ////////////////////
Peptic ulcers : The stomach is a muscular bag whose interior surface contains a number of glands. Some secrete digestive enzymes, some manufacture Hydrochloric acid and some produce a thick mucous which protect the stomach from digesting itself. Ulcers develop when the mucous layer thins and digestive enzymes begin to eat into the stomach wall. Reciently a certain species of bacteria has been shown to cause ulcers.
Peritionitis : The digestive tract is a sealed tube running from the mouth to the anus. It lies inside the body cavity but is isolated from it by the wall of the digestive tract. If this wall is penetrated, the material inside the digestive tract can leak into the body cavity. The body cavity is technically sterile and material from inside the digestive tract is densly populated with hundreds of species of micro organisms. These can cause an infection if allowed to enter the body cavity.
Cholera : The intestine and colon is the home for a large number of bacteria who help digest food and even produce essential nutrients like vitamin K. There are some species which secrete toxic substances however. If they are accidently ingested, they multiply in the intestine and the body attempts to flush the toxins out by adding excess fluid to the contents of the bowel and then expessling the waste. This is dirrhea. Colera can become fatal if there is a shortage of water avd the contaminated waste then infects the remaining water supply. This disease is most often fatal to small children and especially infants. These individuals have smaller bodies and infants easily re-infect themselves if hygiene is poor. Colera is probably the second most deadly disease in the world. Only malaria kills more people across the world.
////////////////////// respiratory
Lung cancer : this is a disease predominantly of developed countries and is found almost exclusively amoungst cigarette smokers. Cancer is a disease which depends on two critical mutations in cells. The first turns off the cell's ability to stop replicating itself. These extra tumor cells are killed off when the immune system triggers a self destruct switch. If both the replication and destruct switch are damaged, the cell becomes a malignant tumor. Cigarettes have many potent carcinogens in the "tar" resudue found in the smoke. These cause changes in the DNA of the cells lining the outside of the lungs. Lung cancer has a mortality rate of over 75% because the lung lining has no pain receptors. This means the tumor is very well established before it is cancer is diagnosed. Unfortunately it is usually to late to save the patient's life.
////////////////////// circulatory
Heart attack (myocardial infraction) : The heart is a muscle which constantly pumps blood through the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs, especially the brain. The heart itself is supplied blood by a series of small coranory arteries which branch off the aeorta and back into the heart muscle. The heart is critically dependant on this supply of blood. Coranory heart disease is the slow accumulation of fatty deposits in the coranory arteries. This slows the flow of blood. The heart becomes oxygen starved and begins to enlarge and gradually weaken. If a piece of the fatty material (plaque) dislodges from the wall of a coranary artery it will travel down the vessel until it completely blocks it. This shuts off the supply of oxygen to the particular section of the heart this vessel supplied. The result is a heart attack whose symptoms include sharp chest pains, weakness and shortness of breath. If a large portion of the heart is affected, the patient will die from heart failure. Smaller attacks don't kill patients but the damaged tissue will not regenerate and the heart is made permenantly weaker.
endrocrine ///////////////////////
The body is maintained in a stste of homeostasis, meaning the pH, temperature, salt content and blood pressure are all maintained within certain limits. Endrocrine glands secrete hormones which stimulate and inhibit other organs in the body and this balance is ordinarily maintained despite outside changes in temperature or the drinking of fresh water with no salt content. Endrocrine organs include the thymus gland, the pituitary and others like the pancreas and adrenal glands. Tumors and dietary deficiencies can disrupt the gland's function and cause symptoms such as diabetes or water retention.
nervous ///////////////////////////
The body's nervous system consists of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system are nerve fibers running to and from the spinal cord through nerve bundles known as ganglia. Nerves are specialized body cells which are generally isolated from the outside environment (the only excpetion are the nerves involved in taste and smell). It takes massive mechanical injury to damage the central nervous system because most of it is encased in bone, either the spine or the skull. Damage to the spine can result in dislocation at which point the spinal cord is in grave danger. It can either be severed or the blood supply comprimized to compression. Like the heart, damage to the central nervous system is permenant and nerves can not regenerate themselves. Concussion is a blow to the skull. Curiously, non-fractures can be worse than fractures. This is because the brain is covered in a series of arteries. If the brain is injured it will swell and these cerebral arteries are compressed. The brain uses nearly 20% of the oxygen supply in the body and if circulation fails, neurons generally die within 3 minutes. If the victim of concussion begins to exhibit brain swelling a spinal tap can be preformed. Both the brain and spinal cord have an internal reservoir of a lymph like fluid and if this is drained, the brain will begin to deflate like a tire. This lessens the swelling and can save a victim's life.
///////////////////// the immune system
This is a collection of a number of cells designed to fight infection and get rid of dead and dying cells. Macrophages are large ameoba-like cells which engulf dead cells in a process called phagacitosis. Special targeting cells identify sick or dying cells and attach special markers to their surface. The macrophage recognises these markers and then sends a self destruct signal to taggede cells. Lysosomes inside the dying cells contain digestive enzymes. These pacages open and the cell digests itself and the remains are disposed of by the macrophage. This prevents lysosome enzynes from spreading outside the cell and contaminating the environment. However, the macrophages canj be overwhelmed by dying cells. They all tend to rupture at once, spilling digestive enzymes over healthy cells. This is basically the mechanism behind an inflamation reaction.
Immune cells develop in the lymph system before being allowed into general circulation. A short segment of DNA in a special class of infection fighting cells mutates when these cells arise from stem cells. The unique mutation targets a certain sequence of amino acids making up the protein coating cells. The mutation is completely random and hence can target any cell. While in the lymph system, new anti-infection cells are presented with a number of individual body cells. If the immune cell responds to any ordinary body cell it is destroyed before entering the general circulation. Autoimmune diseases (such as lupus) is a breakdown in this system. The body becomes sensitized to itself and generalized tissue destruction can result.
Arthritus ////////////////////////
This is an autoimune responce involving the tissue lining the insides of the joints between bones. This special class of body cells secretes a smooth, slippery surface the bones can glide over without irritation. If these cells are mistakingly attacked by the immune system, inflamation results. The smooth surface becomes pitted and irregular and severe pain is often another consequence. In the final stages the tissue is so damaged the joint can actually fuse together, making it inoperative. Arthritus is generally a disease of older people. As people age, their immune system becomes less efficient and can sometimes misfunction.
////////////////////// AIDS
Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a virus which attacks certain cells in the immune system. Viruses are starnds of genetic material which switch off a cell's genes and reprogram the cell to make copies of the viral genes. This genetic material is wrapped in a protective protein coat and replication continues until the sheer amount of virus reuptures the host cell, destroying it. AIDS is special in the fact it is classified as a retrovirus. It consists of a strand of RNA. It transforms this into DNA and the virus gene can then actually fuse with the DNA of the host cell. Here is can remain dormant for decades. If the body experiences an infection, the particular mutation of immune cell which targets the infectious agent is suddenly signaled to begin replicating itself. This is the fundamental way the immune system responds to a particular infection like measels or the flu. If this population of immune cell is infected with AIDS DNA, the viral DNA is copied along with the host's DNA. For some unexplained reason, the viral DNA can suddenly detach itself from the host and become a functional virus. The miinume cell shuts down and manufactures AIDS virus particles instead. Thus, every infection can cause another re-infection of AIDS virus as well, and like the cells it infects, AIDS itself is also highly prone to mutation. This also helps it to evade an immune responce. After a decade or so, most of the infection fighting cells in the imune system have AIDS genes within them and any new infection will trigger another wave of
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